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This is a common and easily treatable type of anemia caused by insufficient iron in the body (inadequate blood production). It is more frequently observed in women and infants. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough red blood cells due to iron deficiency. Hemoglobin levels decrease and oxygen carrying capacity is reduced.Causes of Iron Deficiency• Poor nutrition• Pregnancy• Blood loss• Peptic ulcer• Hemorrhoids• Impaired iron absorption• Celiac disease• Crohn’s disease• Long-term use of a

Hearing loss or deafness is a condition where a person is unable to perceive sounds fully or partially. It can develop due to any problem within the auditory system and significantly affects an individual’s life quality. Hearing loss can be congenital (from birth) or may occur later due to aging, diseases, or environmental factors.Types and Degrees of Hearing LossHearing loss is classified into three main types:Conductive Hearing Loss: Caused by problems in transmitting sound from the outer ear

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a contagious disease caused by the HIV virus, characterized by severe weakening of the immune system. It is marked by opportunistic infections and certain types of cancer. First identified in the 1980s, it has affected millions of people worldwide and has become a global health issue.Historical BackgroundAIDS was first recognized in 1981 in the United States, among young and otherwise healthy men presenting with rare opportunistic infections such as P

Gestational diabetes (Pregnancy diabetes) is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that first appear during pregnancy or are diagnosed during pregnancy.PathogenesisDuring pregnancy, hormonal changes occur in the mother’s body to support fetal development. These hormones can reduce the effectiveness of insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Normally, the pancreas compensates by increasing insulin production to maintain balance. However, in some women, the pancreas c

Tourette (Turet) Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the central nervous system. Characterized by involuntary motor and vocal tics, this syndrome typically begins in childhood and follows a fluctuating course over time. It is approximately five times more common in boys than in girls. This article examines the diagnostic criteria, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical course, and treatment approaches of TS.Definition and TicsThe primary clinical feature of Tourette Syndrome is

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a minimally invasive imaging technique whose foundations were laid in 1942 by Austrian scientist Theodore Dussik to examine the internal structure of blood vessels in detail. This technology plays a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of vascular diseases. Today it is primarily used for detecting pathological formations in the cardiovascular system common. The high-resolution images provided by IVUS support clinical decision-making by offering

Ottoman civilization, eye health and eye diseases have been an important field not only as individual health issues but also as a reflection of the development of medicine practices and the medical understanding of the era. Surviving portraits of sultans, miniatures, and written medical texts provide significant information regarding these practices and knowledge about eye health. Visual and written sources reveal how observed symptoms were defined, which treatment methods were applied, and how

Pergamon The Asklepion is a healing center established in the 4th century BCE outside the acropolis of the ancient city of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, İzmir) in western Anatolia, in honor of the god of medicine, Asklepios. It is situated in a secluded valley on the slopes of Geyikli Dağı, where springs believed to possess curative properties were located. According to founding legend, Archias, the first high official of Pergamon, established a similar sacred site in Pergamon as an act of grati

Candidiasis is the general term for opportunistic fungal infections caused by various species of Candida, primarily Candida albicans. Clinical manifestations range from superficial mucocutaneous infections to life-threatening systemic diseases. Infection typically occurs in individuals with compromised immune systems and can affect the mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin, lungs, or the systemic circulation. Candidiasis is also commonly known in the public as “thrush,” “moniliasis,” or “candidosis.”Et

Internet addiction can be defined as the inability to control excessive internet use, the loss of appreciation for time spent offline, the experience of heightened irritability and aggression during periods of abstinence, and the progressive deterioration of a person’s professional, social, and family life. Non-chemical behavioral addictions such as shopping, television watching, and playing computer games also exhibit the core components of physical and psychological dependence (mental preoccup