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Energy remains one of society’s greatest challenges. Today, lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lead-acid batteries dominate the technologies used as common sources. However, each of these systems faces various challenges and limitations. In particular, with the growing adoption of portable devices, electric vehicles and renewable energy systems, there is an increasing demand for more efficient, longer-lived and economical battery systems.Current Battery Technologies and ChallengesLithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batt

Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computer systems to acquire the ability to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. This learning process involves statistical and algorithmic approaches that allow systems to improve their performance on specific tasks. Machine learning is classified into three main categories:Supervised Learning: In this approach, the algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset. Learning occurs through input-output mappi

Network models are theoretical and applied frameworks used to formally define the structural and operational rules governing nodes (entities) and edges (relationships); these frameworks enable the analysis, comparison, and design of networks according to specified rules. The literature emphasizes that real-world social, biological, and technological networks deviate from “ordinary regular” or “completely random” patterns, frequently exhibiting “distinctive topological features” such as heavy-tai