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Antarctica, with an area of approximately 14 million square kilometers, is the fifth largest continent on Earth and is located at the southernmost point of the Southern Hemisphere.【1】 A large portion of the continent is covered by an ice sheet and holds the titles of the coldest, windiest, and driest geography on Earth. Antarctica also alone contains more than 70 percent of the world’s freshwater reserves.【2】 Antarctica remained untouched and inaccessible to humans until the 19th century. Since

Atatürk Culture, Language and History High Council (AYK) is a public legal entity established on 17 August 1983 by Law No. 2876, based on Article 134 of the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye. The High Council was created to conduct scientific research on the Turkish language, history, culture and the works of Atatürk, to support activities in these fields and to promote Turkish culture. It encompasses the Atatürk Research Center (ATAM), the Turkish Language Association (TDK), the Turkish H

Oganesson is element number 118 in the periodic table and belongs to the group of superheavy elements. It is radioactive and does not occur naturally. It can only be synthesized in a laboratory environment. Scientists use specialized equipment to observe it.Classification and Basic PropertiesOganesson is classified in the noble gases group and has the symbol “Og”. Its atoms have an extremely short lifespan, lasting only a few milliseconds. As a result, its chemical properties have not been direc

Dubnium is a synthetic element with the symbol Db and atomic number 105. It does not occur naturally and is produced only in laboratories. It is radioactive and has a very short half-life, so it is used exclusively in scientific research.HistoryDubnium was synthesized artificially in the 1960s by Soviet and American scientists. Its name derives from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. The discovery of this element marked a significant step in the study of superheavy elemen

Protactinium is a rare and radioactive element in the periodic table. It occurs in very small amounts in nature, and scientists study it in laboratories for research purposes.Discovery and NameProtactinium was discovered in 1913. Its name derives from Greek words meaning "pre-actinium," as it exhibits properties very similar to the element actinium.PropertiesProtactinium is a metallic and radioactive element. It has a silvery appearance but is extremely rare in nature. Its chemical properties ar

The 9th National Antarctic Scientific Expedition (TAE-IX) is a scientific research mission conducted under the auspices of the Presidency of Türkiye, overseen by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, and coordinated by the Polar Research Institute of TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center (MAM). The expedition aims to continue Türkiye's scientific studies in Antarctica. It began on February 6, 2025, and is scheduled to conclude on March 12, 2025.Objective and ScopeThe primary goal of the expedition

Founded in 1864, the University of Bucharest (Universitatea din București) is one of Romania's most prestigious and long-standing higher education institutions. Renowned for its academic excellence and international influence, the university plays a crucial role in Romania’s education, research, and cultural landscape. Throughout its history, the University of Bucharest has upheld the principles of academic freedom, scientific innovation, and social development, maintaining these values as the f

Sampling is one of the fundamental building blocks of the research process. In scientific studies, it is often impractical, costly, or time-consuming to examine the entire population. Therefore, researchers prefer to work with a smaller group called a "sample" that represents the population. The methods and techniques used in this process are referred to as "sampling."Sampling and RepresentativenessThe research population is the collective group of individuals related to a specific problem. A sm

Hatice Nüzhet Gökdoğan is recognized as one of the first female scientists in Türkiye to conduct academic work in astronomy and mathematics. Educated abroad through scholarships during the Republican era, she continued her academic career at institutions such as Istanbul University and Istanbul Technical University. Her scientific activities, institutional roles, and contributions to associations have served as a pioneering example for female academics in Türkiye.Birth and FamilyHatice Nüzhet Gö

Our planet’s silent atmospheric layer. The stratosphere is a layer within Earth’s atmosphere, located directly above the troposphere. Aircraft typically fly within this layer, where the air is much calmer and windless. Additionally, the ozone layer, which blocks harmful rays from the Sun, is found within the stratosphere.Where Is the Stratosphere Located?The air surrounding Earth is composed of layers. The stratosphere is the second of these layers. It begins at approximately 10 kilometers above