
Spruce (Picea); a genus of evergreen, needle-leaved, pyramid-shaped forest trees belonging to the pine family (Pinaceae). Spruce taxa, distributed across the cool and humid regions of the Northern Hemisphere, are represented in Türkiye exclusively by the Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis) in the natural range of the Eastern Black Sea Region (from Ordu to the Georgian border). Spruce species can reach an average height of 40 to 50 meters and a trunk diameter of 1.5 to 2 meters, characterized by c
ENNurullah Haktan Çakmak

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is a coniferous tree species belonging to the Pinaceae family, distributed across the Mediterranean climatic zone and valued for its high economic and ecological importance. Its Latin species name, pinea, means “female,” referring to its large and conspicuous female cones. Distribution and Habitat Characteristics Stone pine naturally occurs across the Mediterranean basin, ranging from Portugal to Anatolia. In Türkiye, it is found locally or widely in the provinces of
ENAyşe İkbal Özsakın