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Yıldız Sarayı Photograph Collection is one of the most extensive and comprehensive visual archives of the Ottoman Empire, established during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876–1909). The collection emerged as photography began to be systematically employed in the late 19th century as a documentary, promotional, and propagandistic tool. Formation Process Photography, invented in 1839, quickly gained popularity within the Ottoman Empire. With the interest of Sultan Abdülhamid II, photography

Fixed-line telephone is a communication device that operates through a wired connection at a specific location and enables voice communication. As one of the key inventions in communication technology, the fixed-line telephone has followed a path marked by bans, customs seizures, foreign company concessions, nationalization efforts, institutional transformations, and technological breakthroughs from the Ottoman Empire to present-day Türkiye. History of the Fixed-line Telephone Fixed-line telepho

Erzurum Lisesi is a historic Anatolian high school under the Ministry of National Education, located in the Yakutiye district of Erzurum. It was established in 1889 by Sultan II. Abdülhamid. Historically, it was the 25th high school opened within the Ottoman Empire and the 8th high school directly inaugurated by Sultan II. Abdülhamid. As one of the oldest educational institutions in Eastern Anatolia, the school has been providing education for over 135 years and has produced more than 50,000 gra

Abdullah Frères, a photographic studio founded in the 19th century in the Ottoman capital İstanbul by three Armenian brothers named Vichen (Abdullah Şükrü Efendi), Kevork, and Hovsep. Known as the official photographers of the Ottoman court, the Abdullah Frères documented photography in the capital, capturing portraits of sultans, state officials, and prominent families. Friday Salutation at Hamidiye Mosque, 1889–1902, Abdullah Frères (Dilruba Kocaışık) " image-element-format="right" image-sourc