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Talaromyces purpurogenus is a filamentous mold belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, class Eurotiomycetes, and family Trichocomaceae. This species was first isolated in 1901 and named “purpurogenus” (purple-producing) due to its production of purplish-red pigments. This fungus exhibits broad ecological tolerance and is frequently isolated from soil, air, plant material, and food products. Its capacity for natural pigment production has attracted particular attention in biotechnological application

Proteus vulgaris is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. This species causes opportunistic infections in humans, particularly urinary tract infections (UTIs). It is commonly found in environmental sources such as soil, sewage, water, and feces. P. vulgaris is a motile bacterium known for its characteristic “swarming” movement across surfaces. This behavior leads to the formation of distinctive wave-like colonies on Petri dishes and serves as an import

Penicillium mallochii is a fungal species belonging to the genus Penicillium and characterized by filamentous hyphal structure. It was first described in 2011 by Houbraken, Frisvad and Samson, and introduced to the scientific literature as a new species alongside P. guanacastense. The species exhibits typical characteristics of the genus Penicillium: rapidly growing colonies, branched conidiophores, and conidia arranged in chains. P. mallochii is environmentally flexible and can thrive in both s