SuSuppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD), is the comprehensive set of operations aimed at neutralizing or temporarily degrading an adversary’s ground-based air defense elements during an air campaign. Within this scope, threats such as surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), as well as their associated early warning radars and command-and-control infrastructure, are all targets of SEAD operations. SEAD encompasses both direct destructive (lethal) attacks and disru
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Duga-1 was part of a long-range radar network project designed to detect intercontinental ballistic missiles launched by the Soviet Union by identifying the ionospheric trails left by exhaust plumes immediately after launch. Over-the-horizon radar technology relies on the principle of reflecting radio waves off the ionosphere to extend range far beyond the line-of-sight limitations of conventional radar. By following a double-hop path—ground-ionosphere-target-ionosphere-ground—the system could d
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Caner Sefa Koçyiğit