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In the Islamic world, forgery has consistently appeared as a phenomenon, both in early periods and in subsequent centuries. Manuscript works have witnessed forgery in various forms, particularly in hat art, book collecting, and religious texts. Works produced by master calligraphers through transcription and copying serve as guides for students. " image-alternate="" image-element-format="right"> Forgery in Early Manuscript Works A phenomenon indicating that forgery was known from the early da

Forgery has been a frequently encountered phenomenon in the Islamic world, both in its early periods and in subsequent centuries. Manuscripts have been subject to forgery in various forms, particularly in the art of calligraphy, book collecting, and religious texts. Forgery in Early Manuscripts One indicator that forgery was known from the early days of Islam is that, according to Arabic sources, the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid ordered the use of papyrus rather than parchment for official div