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Lake Nyos is a lake located in a volcanic caldera in northwestern Cameroon. In 1986, a large accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas that had built up at the lake’s bottom suddenly rose to the surface and seeped into surrounding villages, causing the deaths of approximately 1,700 people. The Lake Nyos disaster is considered one of the rare natural events in which a gas eruption triggered massive loss of life.(BBC Radio 4. "The Lake of Death." BBC, 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00jpbl4

The Underground Palace is one of Istanbul’s oldest structures. Located in the Historic Peninsula, right next to Hagia Sophia, in the Sultanahmet district, it appears from the outside as an ordinary building—but upon entering, you step into an entirely different world! This structure lies beneath the ground, which is why it is called “Yerebatan.”The History of the Yerebatan SarnıcıThe Yerebatan Sarnıcı was constructed in the 6th century by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. At that time, it serve

Today, when we turn on a tap, water flows easily—but in the past, access to water was by no means this simple. People relied on public fountains in the streets to carry water to their homes. One such fountain was the tulumba çeşmesi.The tulumba çeşmesi is a special type of fountain that draws water from underground and delivers it to people. Water was lifted upward using a lever. By moving the lever up and down, water was made to flow.How Does It Work?Inside the tulumba çeşmesi is a mechanism th

Desertification is the process by which fertile soil becomes damaged and gradually turns into a dry, uninhabitable desert-like state. In this condition, the soil can no longer retain water, plants wither, and agriculture becomes difficult. Desertification is not merely an increase in sand, but the loss of the soil’s productivity. In arid or semi-arid countries such as Türkiye, desertification poses a major problem.What Causes Desertification?The primary causes of desertification are human activi

Have you ever looked downward toward the seabed while swimming in the sea and seen spiky, ball-like creatures? These are sea urchins, the spiky spheres of the oceans. Sea urchins are creatures that live throughout the world’s oceans and strongly prefer rocky habitats. They belong to a special group of animals that scientists call Echinoidea.Where Do They Live?Sea urchins can live in all oceans and seas. They are commonly found on rocky and stony seabeds in shallow waters, where they like to hide

Yunus Emre and Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi deeply explore themes of love, the soul, existence, and unity with the creator through the use of water. The water metaphor also symbolizes the transformation in a person's journey of existence, their inner journey, and the discovery of divine love. In Sufi thought, water is not just a source of life but also a tool to reach spiritual maturity and unity with the creator. These metaphors delve into the depths of Sufism, describing how a person evolves spirit

Autophagy (from Greek auto = self, phagein = to eat) literally means "self-eating". This biological process is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that enables cells to degrade and recycle their own components. It refers to the breakdown of damaged or dysfunctional organelles and proteins by lysosomal enzymes and the subsequent reuse of their building blocks.This intracellular process is triggered by various conditions such as physiological stress, starvation, infection and cellular aging. The

World Water Day is observed internationally on 22 March each year to raise awareness of the importance of water for life, food security, health and economic development. Declared by the United Nations, this day aims to generate awareness about the sustainable management of water resources and water conservation. World Water Day is organized to emphasize water’s vital importance for people and ecosystems, draw attention to the plight of individuals without access to clean water, and promote consc

Have you ever held your hands in water for a long time and then noticed your fingers wrinkling? At first, you might think it is simply because “my skin absorbed water.” But in fact, the wrinkling of our hands is a very special feature of our body! Thanks to this feature, it becomes easier to grasp wet objects. In a way, our hands behave like tiny sponges.Can Our Hands Behave Like Sponges?Think of a sponge: when you put it in water, it draws water inside and can be squeezed. Our hands are not exa

Sakabaşı is the title given to the official in charge of the Ottoman palace organization who oversaw water services. The palace population’s water needs were met by kitchen sakas, who were employed in the palace’s sakahâne. The sahâne functioned as the unit responsible for supplying water within the palace, and its administration was under the authority of the sakabaşı. The sakabaşı was not among officials directly responsible for food production but was classified among the support staff connec