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House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a bird species belonging to the family Passeridae within the order Passeriformes, known for its close association with human settlements. One of the most widespread bird species in the world, the sparrow, although native to Eurasia and North Africa, has been dispersed by human activity to regions across North and South America, Australia, and various parts of Africa. It is a resident species found throughout Türkiye year-round. It typically lives in colonies

The Sparrow Massacre is a state-sponsored ecological massacre carried out within the framework of Mao Zedong’s “Great Leap Forward” policy, launched in 1958 in the People’s Republic of China. The campaign, known as the “Four Pests Campaign,” aimed to eliminate four designated creatures: sparrows, rats, mosquitoes, and flies. However, the mass extermination of sparrows quickly led to irreversible damage to the agricultural system and a famine that resulted in the deaths of millions of people. Thi