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In ancient times, scientific knowledge was obtained with limited means. Nevertheless, despite these challenges, people succeeded in acquiring knowledge that transcended the limits of their era through observation and rational reasoning. One such individual was the Greek mathematician and geographer Eratosthenes, who lived in 235 BCE. His method for calculating the Earth’s diameter is still regarded today as a prime example of scientific ingenuity.Eratosthenes’ MethodEratosthenes knew that on the

Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) was a Norwegian polar explorer renowned for his expeditions in the Arctic and Antarctic regions in the early 20th century. He was the first person to navigate the Northwest Passage and became the first human to reach the South Pole in 1911. The methods he employed in polar exploration, his approach to logistical planning and the data collected during his journeys significantly influenced the development of modern polar expeditions. Amundsen’s work is regarded as one of

Rosalind Elsie Franklin, an English scientist born in London on 25 July 1920, conducted research in physical chemistry and X-ray crystallography. Following her studies on coal and carbon structures, she contributed to investigations into the molecular structure of DNA, and the data obtained through X-ray diffraction were used in the development of the double helix model of DNA. In the later stages of her career, Franklin researched the structure of viruses and continued her scientific work in la

Professor Dr. Aziz Sancar (born 8 September 1946, Savur, Mardin) is a Turkish scientist, biochemist, molecular biologist and academic. He is among the leading figures in modern molecular biology due to his pioneering research in DNA repair, cellular sequencing, biological clocks and cancer therapy. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Paul Modrich and Tomas Lindahl by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for their mechanistic studies of DNA repair.Sancar continues h

Canan Dağdeviren was born on 4 May 1985 in Istanbul as the first daughter of Mine and Cavit Dağdeviren. Originally from Sivas, Dağdeviren moved to Kocaeli due to her family’s work and completed her primary and middle school education there.Educational and Academic CareerIn 2007, Dağdeviren graduated from the Hacettepe University Department of Physics Engineering. In the same year, she began her master’s studies in Materials Science and Engineering at Sabancı University and graduated in 2009. Aft

Cahit Arf (1910, Thessaloniki – 26 December 1997, Istanbul) was a mathematician and humanist. He played a key role in the establishment of TÜBİTAK and served as its first Scientific Council chairman. He received the İnönü Prize in 1948 and the TÜBİTAK Science Award in 1974. In 1980 he received an honorary doctorate from Istanbul University and Karadeniz Technical University, and in 1981 from Middle East Technical University. In addition, in 1994 he was awarded the title of Commandeur des Palmes

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was one of the leading theoretical physicists of the 19th century and made foundational contributions to the development of physics. His work in circuit theory, thermal radiation, and spectroscopy remains among the most important references in modern physics and engineering.Early Life and EducationKirchhoff was born in Königsberg as the son of a lawyer. After receiving his early education at a local 【1】 for circuit analysis, power calcula

A Lifetime in Pursuit of ScienceWhere and How Did He Grow Up?Al-Bīrūnī was born in 973 in the city of Kāth, in what is now Uzbekistan. His full name was Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī. He lost his father at an early age and had little knowledge of his lineage or family, but he was intensely curious. As a result, he became friends with books from childhood. He was neither wealthy nor noble, but his curiosity and diligence led him to wisdom.What Fields Did He Work In?Al-Bīrūnī was a true

Hatice Altuğ is a Turkish physicist and academic who works in the fields of nanophotonics and optical biosensors. Her research in physics focuses on studying light–matter interactions at the nanoscale and applying these interactions to technologies for detecting biological systems. She has continued her academic career at international research institutions and is particularly recognized for her work in developing biosensor technologies.Education and Academic CareerHatice Altuğ completed her und

Microscopic investigations conducted in the early 20th century revealed distinct chromosomal structures in male and female individuals and paved the way for understanding the genetic basis of biological sex. In this regard, Stevens is regarded as one of the founding figures of modern genetics.Life and EducationNettie Maria Stevens was born on 7 July 1861 in the state of Vermont in the United States of America. Despite limited access to educational opportunities, as was common for many women of h