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Imagine you want to sit on a bench. But there is an armrest in the middle of the bench. Or the surface is so slanted that you slide off when you try to sit. Perhaps you wanted to lean against a window sill in front of a shop, but small metal protrusions blocked you. You probably just muttered, “What kind of design is this?” and moved on. It is precisely this “moving on” state that constitutes the real success of these designs. These designs are called hostile architecture. The purpose of hostile

Production of Space (Production of Space) is a foundational theory developed by the French thinker and sociologist Henri Lefebvre, who lived between 1901 and 1991 and is known in the literature as a Neo-Marxist, to radically analyze the relationships between city, space and politics.【1】 Lefebvre’s redefinition of space not as a physical and static void but as a social production field was significantly shaped by his experience as a taxi driver in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s and his internat