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Imagine you want to sit on a bench. But there is an armrest in the middle of the bench. Or the surface is so slanted that you slide off when you try to sit. Perhaps you wanted to lean against a window sill in front of a shop, but small metal protrusions blocked you. You probably just muttered, “What kind of design is this?” and moved on. It is precisely this “moving on” state that constitutes the real success of these designs. These designs are called hostile architecture. The purpose of hostile

Helix Bridge is a pedestrian bridge located in the Marina Bay area of Singapore, extending across the mouth of Marina Bay. The structure connects Marina Centre with the Bayfront area, facilitating pedestrian access between Raffles Avenue and urban focal points such as Marina Bay Sands and Gardens by the Bay. Designed with a double-helix form inspired by the DNA spiral, the bridge is constructed on a steel structural system whose curved plan geometry guides pedestrian flow around the bay. The bri

Civil inattention is one of the fundamental concepts developed by Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman to explain face-to-face interactions between strangers in everyday life. The concept refers to individuals briefly acknowledging the presence of unfamiliar people they encounter in public spaces through a fleeting glance or body language, then withdrawing their attention to respect the other person’s privacy. Thus, the individual demonstrates that they do not ignore the other person, yet also do