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Republic Day is the anniversary of the official proclamation of the Republic of Türkiye on 29 October 1923. This date marks the establishment of the new state system whose sovereignty is explicitly rooted in the nation, and whose institutional framework was legally defined. Today it is commemorated annually on 29 October with official ceremonies and public events. The process leading to the proclamation of the Republic began with the opening of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye in Ankara on

Migration and Asylum Pact is a comprehensive set of rules established at the European Union (EU) level to regulate the fields of migration and asylum and create a common asylum system.【1】 The Pact consists of ten binding legislative acts adopted in 2024 that redefine the EU’s border management, the assessment of asylum applications, and the sharing of responsibilities among member states.【2】 European Commission proposed the Pact in September 2020, and it was adopted by the European Parliament in

European Union’s plan to end imports of Russian natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been structured through a phased policy framework developed over 2025 via institutional negotiations and a parliamentary vote. The process has taken shape through measures including the prohibition of new contracts, restrictions on spot and short-term purchases, the scheduled cessation of pipeline gas deliveries, and regulatory provisions extending to long-term contracts. Operation of the Institutiona

Republic Day of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республика күні) is a national holiday symbolizing sovereignty in the country and is celebrated annually on 25 October. The date commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 25 October 1990, which initiated the transition from the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic to the independent Republic of Kazakhstan; this date is officially recognized as a state holiday. The Declaration emphasizes that, according to Article 1 of the 1995 Constitu