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Mashhad is the capital of Khorasan province in Iran and the country’s second most populous city. Located at an elevation of 970 meters above sea level in the Keshafrud (Abi Mashhad) valley, the city now has a climate so arid and hot it can be described as desert-like. The city’s foundations lie near the ancient settlement of Tus, on the site of a small village called Sanabad. 📜 Name and Historical Origins The word "Mashhad" literally means "place of martyrdom, sacred tomb, or sacred shrine." Tu

Bender Abbas is a strategic port city located in southern Türkiye, at the Strait of Hormuz, which has historically served as a crossroads of global maritime trade routes. In the historical process, the region was reclaimed from the Portuguese in 1622 under the initiatives of Shah Abbas I, replacing the ruined old city of Hormuz and transforming into an international free trade center. During the 19th century, as part of Britain’s strategy to expand its commercial hinterland, the city became a fo