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Gestational diabetes (Pregnancy diabetes) is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that first appear during pregnancy or are diagnosed during pregnancy. Pathogenesis During pregnancy, hormonal changes occur in the mother’s body to support fetal development. These hormones can reduce the effectiveness of insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Normally, the pancreas compensates by increasing insulin production to maintain balance. However, in some women, the pancreas

Poly cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder observed in women and one of the leading causes of anovulatory infertility. PCOS is characterized by features such as hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularities, infertility, hirsutism, and abdominal obesity. It was first reported in 1935 by Stein and Leventhal as a combination of polycystic ovaries and amenorrhea. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of PCOS involves complex interaction disturbances among