
Translanguaging is the process by which multilingual individuals draw upon their full range of linguistic and semiotic resources not as separate systems but as an integrated repertoire for meaning-making. This approach challenges the traditional monolingual paradigm that views languages as closed systems rigidly divided by social, cultural, and political boundaries. Conceptual Origins and Theoretical Development The concept was first introduced in the 1980s in bilingual educational settings in W
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Collective memory: is a concept that argues the processes of remembering and forgetting by individuals who constitute a society are shaped within a social framework, that memory is constructed through social relations and continuously reproduced.【1】 This approach asserts that memory is not merely a biological function of the individual brain, but that the act of remembering occurs through social cues, materials, and contexts.【2】 First developed in the 1920s by French sociologist Maurice Halbwach
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