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Cherenkov radiation is an electromagnetic radiation phenomenon discovered in 1934 by Soviet physicist Pavel Cherenkov. This effect occurs when a charged particle moves through a medium faster than the speed of light in that medium. Einstein’s special theory of relativity states that the absolute speed limit in the universe is the speed of light in vacuum (c ≈ 3×10⁸ m/s). However, light propagates more slowly in transparent media such as water or glass. The speed of light in a medium is expressed

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are third-generation photovoltaic devices that utilize perovskite-structured materials, typically hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halides (chemical formula ABX₃), as light-absorbing layers. First developed in 2009 with an initial efficiency of 3.8%, PSCs have achieved certified efficiencies exceeding 26% by 2025. These cells are characterized by high absorption coefficients, tunable bandgaps, and low-temperature solution-based manufacturability. Research focuse