Tension

Electric voltage is a quantity that represents the electric potential difference between two points in an electric field. Voltage is defined as the potential energy per unit charge and is measured in volts (V) in the SI system of units. Mathematically, it can be defined as:

Where:

V: Voltage (V),

E_P: Potential energy (J),

q: Electric charge (C)

are expressed.

The potential energy is defined by a formula that depends on the charges and the distance between them.

class=\

Where:

k: 8.98 x 10⁹, Coulomb's constant (N·m² / C²),

E_P: Potential energy (J),

q₁, q₂: Electric charges (C),

r: Distance between the two charges (m)

are expressed.

class=\

The potential difference at point A can be determined using the following formula:

Voltage represents the potential energy gained or lost by an electric charge as it moves between two points in an electric field. If there is voltage in an electric circuit, it indicates the presence of a force that causes charges to flow, known as electric current.

Voltage is typically generated by electrical energy sources such as batteries and generators. Voltage is measured using a voltmeter, which is connected between the two points in the circuit where the potential difference is to be measured.

Direct Voltage (DC Voltage): The potential difference remains constant over time; for example, the voltage provided by a battery is classified as direct voltage.

Alternating Voltage (AC Voltage): The potential difference varies periodically over time; for example, the electricity supply voltage in homes is classified as alternating voltage. In Türkiye, the electrical grid operates at 220 V AC with a frequency of 50 Hz.

class=\

Electrical energy is transmitted, distributed, and utilized at various voltage levels depending on specific needs. Voltage levels are typically determined based on system design, equipment used, and the distance of energy transmission. The following provides a general classification of voltage levels:

• Low Voltage (LV): Voltage levels of 1000 volts (1 kV) and below.
• • Applications: Residential and commercial uses (230/400 V), small businesses and offices, electrical appliances and lighting systems.
  • Example: Outlet voltage in homes (for example, 220 V in Türkiye).
• Medium Voltage (MV): Voltage levels between 1 kV and 34.5 kV.
• • Applications: Electrical distribution systems (energy transfer to cities), industrial facilities, factories, high-power motors and generators.
  • Example: Values such as 10 kV, 15 kV, and 33 kV.
• High Voltage (HV): Voltage levels between 34.5 kV and 154 kV.
• • Applications: Electrical transmission lines (energy transfer between cities and regions), high-power industrial facilities, long-distance energy transmission applications.
  • Example: 66 kV and 110 kV.
• Extra High Voltage (EHV): Voltage levels above 154 kV.
• • Applications: International electrical transmission systems, large industrial facilities and energy projects.
  • Example: 400 kV and 500 kV.