Mixtures

Mixture is a collection of substances formed by the combination of different types of atoms and molecules. Pure substances consist of either a single element or a single compound but most substances are neither a single element nor a single compound. Many objects we encounter in daily life are not pure and belong to the category of mixtures. For example, the air we breathe, the chocolate we eat, and the milk we drink are all examples of mixtures.

1. The chemical properties of the substances forming a mixture do not change. For example, in a saltwater mixture, neither water nor salt loses its identity.
2. Melting and boiling points are not fixed.
3. The densities of mixtures are not constant. The density of a mixture varies depending on the amounts of the substances that compose it.
4. Since mixtures are composed of substances that are physically combined, the components are separated using physical methods. When selecting a separation method, differences in particle size, density, solubility, electrification, magnetic properties, melting point, and boiling point are utilized.
5. There is no fixed ratio between the amounts of substances forming a mixture.
6. The formation of mixtures results in the appearance of various phases. A phase is a region in which the physical properties of a material are uniform throughout. If a mixture exhibits only one phase, it is called homogeneous; if it has more than one phase, it is called heterogeneous.

The components are uniformly distributed throughout. They consist of a single phase. These types of mixtures are also called solutions. They can arise from interactions between solid-solid, liquid-gas, gas-gas and other substance combinations.

^{Solutions of substances under different physical conditions-}Eokultv

Heterogeneous mixtures are those in which the composition is not uniform throughout, the components are not evenly distributed, and the substances do not dissolve in one another. They consist of multiple phases. Examples include sand in water, ink, fog, chalk dust in water, and oil in water. When one substance in a mixture is dispersed within another, the dispersed substance is called the dispersed phase and the substance in which it is dispersed is called the dispersion medium. Heterogeneous mixtures are classified according to the physical states of the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase:

Mixtures in which both the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase are liquids are called emulsions. Examples include water-oil mixtures, water-diesel mixtures, milk, and mayonnaise.

Mixtures in which the dispersion medium is a liquid and the dispersed phase is a solid are called suspensions. Examples include chalk in iodine water, muddy water, sand-water, and ayran. In these mixtures, the solid phase settles over time due to gravity.

Heterogeneous mixtures in which the dispersion medium is a gas and the dispersed phase is a solid or liquid are called aerosols. If the dispersed phase is solid, it is called a solid aerosol; if it is liquid, it is called a liquid aerosol. Fog, spray, insect sprays, deodorants, and clouds are liquid aerosols. Smoke and dusty air are solid aerosols.

These are solid-solid heterogeneous mixtures. In simple mixtures, it is not possible to distinguish between the dispersed and dispersion phases. Examples include sand-sugar, salt-sugar, rice-bulgur, soil, and nut mixtures.

These are mixtures in which a solid or liquid is suspended in a liquid or gas, appearing homogeneous to the naked eye but actually heterogeneous. They can be identified by the scattering of a beam of light in all directions or by microscopic observation, since homogeneous mixtures do not scatter light. The majority of emulsions and aerosols are also colloids. Examples include milk, smoke, mayonnaise, cream, jelly, soapy water, and blood.