Lake Urmia

Lake Urmia (Persian: دریاچه ارومیه, Daryāche-ye Orūmīyeh), located in the northwestern part of Iran between the provinces of Azerbaijan, is a saline and endorheic lake. With a surface area of approximately 5,200 km², it was historically the second largest lake in the Middle East. The lake holds regional significance both geologically and ecologically and was designated a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1975.

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Lake Urmia is one of the saline water bodies with high sodium content. Its average depth is around five meters and it is fed by short and medium-sized rivers in the region. As the lake lies in an endorheic basin, it receives water only from precipitation and river inflow and has no outflow. This characteristic makes its hydrological balance extremely sensitive. Regional climatic conditions and hydrological changes directly affect the lake’s water level.

Due to its high salinity, Lake Urmia serves as a habitat for extremophilic microorganisms that give the lake its reddish-pink hue. This feature has led to the lake being called the “Red Lake.” Additionally, the lake provides a critical habitat and breeding ground for numerous migratory bird species, especially flamingos. Its role as both a feeding and resting area for these birds underscores the importance of preserving its biological diversity.

Since the early 2000s, a dramatic loss of water has been observed in Lake Urmia. According to NASA satellite data, the lake’s surface area has shrunk by approximately 80 to 90 percent between the 1990s and 2020. The causes of this desiccation process are explained by the following factors:

• Human-induced Factors: Excessive and unplanned use of water resources for agricultural irrigation, particularly the construction of dams on the main rivers feeding the lake, has significantly reduced their flow. Additionally, over-extraction of groundwater has disrupted the local water balance.
• Climate Change: Rising average temperatures in the region and altered precipitation patterns have increased evaporation rates, accelerating water loss.
• Agricultural Policies and Water Management: Regional agricultural policies have promoted intensive and inefficient water use. The failure to modernize irrigation methods and weaknesses in water governance have deepened the desiccation process.

The desiccation of the lake has produced multifaceted negative impacts on the regional environment and human life:

• Salt Storms: Salt and dust particles rising from the dried lakebed pose serious health risks to the environment and nearby settlements. This situation has increased the incidence of respiratory diseases and other health problems.
• Agriculture and Economy: Salinized soils have reduced agricultural productivity, causing severe economic damage. Declining farm yields and increased migration have negatively affected the socio-economic structure.
• Ecosystem Degradation: The lake’s biological diversity is under threat, with observed declines in bird populations and loss of habitat.

^{Urmiye Gölü (}AA⁾

The Iranian government launched comprehensive projects in 2013 to revive Lake Urmia. These include:

• Protection of rivers and watersheds,
• Improvement of irrigation infrastructure,
• Regulation of dam water management,
• Promotion of water-saving techniques in agriculture

However, due to economic constraints, bureaucratic obstacles, and lack of regional cooperation, the impact of these efforts has remained limited. In 2024, official investigations were launched in Iran due to negligence regarding the desiccation process.

Lake Urmia serves as a significant case study in international environmental policy as an indicator of regional climate change and human intervention. Its preservation is critically important not only for Iran but also for neighboring countries in terms of sustainable water management strategies and regional cooperation. Experts emphasize that integrated basin management, climate change adaptation, and community-based conservation approaches are essential for the lake’s future.