Albert Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and died on 18 April 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. He is one of the most important figures in physics and made significant contributions to the development of modern physics.

Einstein moved with his family from Ulm, Germany, to Munich. During his childhood he experienced difficulties with speaking and reading but overcame these challenges to continue his education.

• High School and University: Einstein began his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, Germany. However, he had conflicts with teachers due to his resistance to the school’s rigid rules. He enrolled at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich (later known as ETH Zurich), where he studied physics and mathematics and graduated in 1900.
• Early Career: In 1902, Einstein secured a job at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. This position provided him with the time to develop his scientific ideas. While working at the patent office, he began writing various scientific papers.

• Special Relativity (1905): In 1905, Einstein experienced a groundbreaking year in science, known as the “Annus Mirabilis” or “Miracle Year,” during which he published four important papers. One of these papers, on the photoelectric effect, established that light exhibits both wave and particle properties and earned him the Nobel Prize in 1921. That same year, he developed the special theory of relativity, which demonstrated that time and space are relative to the observer. He also introduced the equation E=mc² , showing that energy and mass are interchangeable.
• General Relativity (1915): In 1915, Einstein developed the general theory of relativity. This theory expanded upon Newton’s law of gravitation by proposing that mass curves spacetime, creating the force we perceive as gravity. It provided an explanation for how massive objects affect spacetime and was confirmed by subsequent observations.
• Quantum Theory: Einstein also contributed to the development of quantum theory. His 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect proposed the quantum nature of light. Additionally, his work on Brownian motion (the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid) provided evidence supporting the existence of atoms.

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• In 1921, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the photoelectric effect.
• In 1933, due to the rise of the Nazi regime, Einstein emigrated from Germany to the United States. He became a professor at Princeton University, where he spent the rest of his life.
• Einstein was involved in research related to the development of the atomic bomb during the postwar period. However, he opposed the use of nuclear weapons and advocated for the continuation of scientific research for peaceful purposes after the war.
• In the early 1950s, he worked on a unified field theory but was unable to complete it.

On 17 September 1933, Albert Einstein sent a letter to İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister of the Republic of Türkiye, proposing that around 40 Jewish scientists fleeing Nazi persecution be offered positions in Türkiye. In the letter, Einstein stated that these scientists could serve without receiving any salary and urged Türkiye to accept them. However, the government of the Republic of Türkiye did not accept this proposal.

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Einstein died in Princeton in 1955. After his death, his brain was preserved and subjected to various scientific studies. Today, Einstein is remembered primarily for his theories of relativity, quantum mechanics, and the relationship between energy and mass. Moreover, Einstein’s social and political stance has ensured his status as an important historical figure. He was not only a physicist but also a scientist who voiced opinions on human rights, peace, social justice, and civil liberties.