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Uzun Hacı Saltinski was born in 1848 in the village of Salti, in the Gunib region of Dagestan, into an Avar family. Raised within the Nakshibendi order, Uzun Hacı received his education for eleven years under Sheikh Abdurrahman Hacı el Suguri, one of the principal ideologues of the Dagestan uprising of 1877. From his youth onward, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled due to his actions against the Russian Tsarist regime. Nearly fifteen years of his life were spent in Siberia and prisons. During

National Day of Remembrance of Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Hatyra günü) is a national day of mourning and remembrance observed by the people of Turkmenistan to honor the victims of the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake, the martyrs of the 1881 Göktepe Battle, and those who lost their lives during World War II (1941–1945), known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War. It is observed annually on 6 October and is an official public holiday in Turkmenistan. History and Context The Ashgabat earthquake of 6

Ahmed Cemal Pasha (6 May 1872, Midilli–21 July 1922, Tbilisi), an Ottoman military officer and statesman who held various military, administrative, and political roles during the final period of the Ottoman State and was among the leading figures of the Committee of Union and Progress. After completing his military education, he served in various posts in Rumelia; following the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy, he was appointed mutasarrıf of Üsküdar and later governor of Adana a

The flamethrower was a portable flame weapon developed in Germany in the early 20th century and widely used during the First and Second World Wars. Designed by German engineer Richard Fiedler in 1901, this weapon operated on the principle of propelling fuel under high pressure and igniting it into flame. When first deployed in 1915 near Verdun its impact was profound not only technically but also psychologically. Second World War models reappeared on the battlefield and became notable weapons fo

The 1914 Christmas Truce was a series of informal ceasefires along the Western Front during the First World War, in which enemy soldiers spontaneously laid down their arms, met in a peaceful manner, exchanged gifts, and even played football. The 1914 Christmas Truce is one of the most intriguing events of the First World War. These unofficial ceasefires occurred in late December 1914 along the Western Front, resulting in soldiers from opposing armies—primarily British, French, and German—leaving

Sometimes a single object tells the story of a person or an era. The dark-colored, open-top automobile standing in the hall of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum (Museum of Military History) in Vienna is precisely such an object. This 1910 Gräf und Stift model is more than just an ordinary car; it is the silent witness to the event that ignited one of the bloodiest wars of the twentieth century. The vehicle in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophie rode for the last

The 1914 Christmas Truce was a series of informal ceasefires during World War I on the Western Front, in which soldiers spontaneously laid down their weapons, met peacefully, exchanged gifts, and played games. The 1914 Christmas Truce is one of the most intriguing events of World War I. These unofficial ceasefires occurred in late December 1914 along the Western Front, resulting in soldiers from opposing armies—primarily British, French, and German—leaving their trenches to meet, exchange gifts,

Flammenwerfer was a portable flame device developed in Germany in the early 20th century and extensively used during World War I and World War II. Designed by German engineer Richard Fiedler in 1901, this weapon operated on the principle of propelling fuel under high pressure and igniting it into a jet of flame. When first deployed in 1915 near Verdun its impact was profound not only tactically but also psychologically. World War II re-entered the battlefield with improved models and became one