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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive, oval-to-lancet-shaped diplococcus; it is a facultative anaerobe that forms α-hemolytic colonies and is pathogenic only in humans. More than 100 capsular serotypes have been identified on the surface, linked covalently to teichoic acids【1】 via phosphorylcholine【2】; the capsule is both the key to immune evasion and the target of current vaccines.Serotype Diversity and Capsule BiologyThe structural diversity of the glycocalyx【3】 distinguis

The immune system is a complex and vital defense mechanism that protects our bodies from harmful microorganisms that cause disease. This system recognizes foreign organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that enter the body, neutralizes them, and ensures the body remains healthy.Defense Against Microorganisms Entering the BodyEvery day we encounter many microorganisms without being aware of them. These microorganisms can enter our bodies through the respiratory tract via the nos