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56 Leonard Street is a high-rise residential building located in the Tribeca Historic District of Manhattan, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’s New York city. Designed by Herzog & de Meuron, the building stands out for being the architectural firm’s first skyscraper project and for its spatial organization, which stacks independent residential units with varying floor plans. 【1】 Comprising a total of 60 floors and 145 units, the building’s massing, achieved by shifting floor slabs in different di

Skopje 2014 Project is an urban transformation and architectural initiative aimed at reshaping the city center of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. The project is centrally positioned within the “antiquization” (Antiquization) process and policies launched in 2006 by the nationalist government of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO DPMNE), as a consequence of the national identity crisis and ideological deadlock experien

Frank Owen Gehry (28 February 1929 – 5 December 2025) was a Canadian-born American architect who became one of the most internationally recognized and discussed figures in architecture from the last quarter of the 20th century, known for his original formal language and innovative use of materials. Through projects realized under his firm Gehry Partners, founded in Los Angeles in 1962, he pushed the technical and aesthetic boundaries of architecture; he gained international fame through structur

Inat Evi, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s capital Sarajevo, located on the southern bank of the Miljacka River, is a historic building exhibiting characteristics of 19th-century Ottoman civil architecture. Known in Bosnian as Inat Kuça, this structure is regarded as a symbol of individual resistance against urban transformation initiatives during the Austro-Hungarian Empire period. Historical Background and Construction Process The 1878 Treaty of Berlin altered the political map of the Balkans by trans

Production of Space (Production of Space) is a foundational theory developed by the French thinker and sociologist Henri Lefebvre, who lived between 1901 and 1991 and is known in the literature as a Neo-Marxist, to radically analyze the relationships between city, space and politics.【1】 Lefebvre’s redefinition of space not as a physical and static void but as a social production field was significantly shaped by his experience as a taxi driver in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s and his internat

Galaxy SOHO is a mixed-use complex located in the city center of Beijing, the capital of China, integrating office, retail, and entertainment functions. The project, covering approximately 330,000 m², is designed around a spatial composition of four fluid and interconnected volumes. The building offers a contemporary interpretation of the traditional Chinese courtyard typology, creating inward-facing open spaces through continuous circulation paths that avoid sharp corners and abrupt spatial tra

Imagine you need to add a new structure next to a historic building. The most immediate solution is often to mimic the existing structure: using the same materials, a similar facade arrangement, comparable proportions, and similar details. This is because most of us define harmony through similarity. But is this truly necessary? Must a new addition resemble the historic structure to become part of it? Contemporary interventions added to historic buildings have long remained one of the most debat

Istanbul has held an important position throughout history, both geopolitically and geologically. The city lies in a region close to the North Anatolian Fault Line and is therefore at risk of earthquakes. When Istanbul’s earthquake history is examined, it becomes clear that events have occurred resulting in massive destruction and loss of life. Byzantine sources record that earthquakes in 557, 869 and 1346 were highly destructive. More detailed records pertain to earthquakes closer to our own ti

Hearst Tower is a tall building located in New York City, United States, serving as the headquarters of Hearst Corporation. Designed by Norman Foster and Foster + Partners, the structure was completed in 2006 and built atop the historic Hearst Magazine Building. It is regarded as a significant example of the approach that integrates a preserved historic structure with a new tall addition. The building draws attention for its steel and glass diagrid structural system, energy-efficient design deci

Dikmen Valley is a district located along Ankara’s main arterial roads, transformed under an urban regeneration project from a former informal settlement into a modern recreational and living space.【1】 Geographical Location and Access Dikmen Valley is situated very close to the center of Ankara within the boundaries of the Çankaya district. The official address of the valley is recorded as Şair Baki Caddesi, Yukarı Ayrancı Mahallesi. Accessible by public transportation, the valley is open to vis