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Imagine you want to sit on a bench. But there is an armrest in the middle of the bench. Or the surface is so slanted that you slide off when you try to sit. Perhaps you wanted to lean against a window sill in front of a shop, but small metal protrusions blocked you. You probably just muttered, “What kind of design is this?” and moved on. It is precisely this “moving on” state that constitutes the real success of these designs. These designs are called hostile architecture. The purpose of hostile

Brazil (Officially the Federative Republic of Brazil)Federal Republic is a country located in South America with its capital in Brasília.T.C. Ministry of Trade, Brazil Country Profile-2025 (Ankara: T.C. Ministry of Trade, 2025), 3. Access Date: June 22, 2026.https://www.aso.org.tr/uploads/ortam/Brezilya%20%C3%9Clke%20Profili-2025.docx.pdf ">【1】 With an area of 8,547,400 square kilometers, it is the fifth largest country in the world. Marine Corps Intelligence Activity, Brazil Country Handbook

The 3-30-300 rule is a measurable and actionable urban green infrastructure guideline grounded in scientific evidence on the impacts of high-quality urban green spaces on human health, well-being, and climate resilience. This rule is directly linked to the seventh target of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, which aims for universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible green and public spaces for all by 2030, within the framework of the 11th target. M.H.E.M Browning; Locke, D

Production of Space (Production of Space) is a foundational theory developed by the French thinker and sociologist Henri Lefebvre, who lived between 1901 and 1991 and is known in the literature as a Neo-Marxist, to radically analyze the relationships between city, space and politics.【1】 Lefebvre’s redefinition of space not as a physical and static void but as a social production field was significantly shaped by his experience as a taxi driver in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s and his internat

Galaxy SOHO is a mixed-use complex located in the city center of Beijing, the capital of China, integrating office, retail, and entertainment functions. The project, covering approximately 330,000 m², is designed around a spatial composition of four fluid and interconnected volumes. The building offers a contemporary interpretation of the traditional Chinese courtyard typology, creating inward-facing open spaces through continuous circulation paths that avoid sharp corners and abrupt spatial tra

Henderson Waves Bridge is a pedestrian bridge connecting Mount Faber and Telok Blangah Hill parks in the southwest of Singapore. At 274 metres in length and 36 metres in height, it is the highest pedestrian bridge in the country. Constructed from steel and wood, the structure features a distinctive wave-like form composed of seven undulating beams. These beams provide shade and seating areas along the bridge. The bridge also links parks along the Southern Ridges walking trail, offering visitors

Post-disaster gathering areas are temporary spaces designated for people to assemble safely after disasters such as earthquake, flood, fire, and similar emergencies, where they can meet their basic needs and access information and assistance services.【1】 These areas are established to reduce panic and disorder following a disaster, ensure individual safety, and facilitate the process of directing people to temporary shelter facilities.【2】 Definition and Purpose Post-disaster gathering areas are

Ankara Botanical Park is an urban park located in the valley bounded by Cinnah Avenue and Çankaya Avenue in the Çankaya district of Ankara. History and Area Distribution The conceptual design of the Botanical Park was first developed in 1970. The park currently covers a total area of approximately 65,000 square meters. The physical land use within this area is functionally divided into several components. Of the park’s total area, 29,476 square meters is designated as green space, 16,747 square

Urban Anthropology is a subfield of socio-cultural anthropology that examines cultural systems in cities and their interactions at local, regional, and global scales.【1】 Unlike traditional anthropology, which focused on non-modern, primitive, or rural communities, this field centers on complex and industrialized urban structures. Urban anthropology views the city not merely as a physical settlement but as a dynamic habitat where social processes, spatial forms, and ideological representations ar

Dikmen Valley is a district located along Ankara’s main arterial roads, transformed under an urban regeneration project from a former informal settlement into a modern recreational and living space.【1】 Geographical Location and Access Dikmen Valley is situated very close to the center of Ankara within the boundaries of the Çankaya district. The official address of the valley is recorded as Şair Baki Caddesi, Yukarı Ayrancı Mahallesi. Accessible by public transportation, the valley is open to vis