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Twilight Diplomacy is a term coined by historian Prof. Dr. Selçuk Esenbel to describe the interactions between the Ottoman Empire and Japan. This concept refers to the diplomatic relations that developed between the two nations in the late 19th century but never fully materialized into formal agreements. The term signifies a state of ambiguity, hesitancy, and caution in their bilateral relations. Characteristics of Twilight Diplomacy Ambiguity and Hesitation While the Ottoman Empire and Japan vi