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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a high-molecular-weight biopolymer composed of ribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U)—attached to a ribose sugar. RNA plays a central role in gene expression and cellular regulation, functioning as messenger, structural, regulatory molecules, and in some viruses as the genetic material in place of DNA. All RNA molecules arise as transcripts of DNA sequences; howeve