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Sustainable cities are urban centers built on the principles of environmental, social, and economic sustainability, aiming to combat climate change, use resources efficiently, and create inclusive, safe, resilient, and equitable communities. Today, approximately half of the world’s population—3.5 billion people—lives in cities, and this share is expected to reach 60 percent by 2030 and 75 percent by 2050. This rapid urbanization leads cities to account for 60 to 80 percent of global energy consu

Geography is a scientific discipline that studies the physical characteristics of the Earth's surface, its climate, vegetation, and human activities. Human settlements constitute one of the human elements of geography and have been shaped by environmental factors throughout history. The distribution of settlements, population density, urbanization processes, and rural life are closely related to geographic conditions.Geographic Determinants of SettlementsMany factors have influenced the selectio

Blue-Green Infrastructure is an ecological planning approach that integrates natural (blue and green) elements with the built environment to make rapidly growing cities, driven by population increase and urbanization, more resilient to climate change and sustainable. This approach is defined as a system that utilizes nature-based processes to restore the hydrological functions of urban landscapes, manage stormwater at its source, improve water quality, and enhance ecosystem services. In urban ar