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Ottoman civilization, eye health and eye diseases have been an important field not only as individual health issues but also as a reflection of the development of medicine practices and the medical understanding of the era. Surviving portraits of sultans, miniatures, and written medical texts provide significant information regarding these practices and knowledge about eye health. Visual and written sources reveal how observed symptoms were defined, which treatment methods were applied, and how

Pîr Muhammad This is a sacred utterance composed in the 18th century by Nureddin Cerrâhî. Today, it is recited in tekkes in the hüseyni makam and Sofyan usul as a devotional hymn method. In brief, it speaks of the effects of dhikr on the human soul. He who purifies the words of the tongue, Who recognizes the dervish as the true one, Who journeys toward the divine realm World, That is dhikr, true dhikr. He who is the remedy for his suffering, Who is stirred by the mystery within, Who reigns in th