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Sports, both at the individual and societal levels, function not only as physical and cultural activities but also as powerful diplomatic instruments employed by states to shape their foreign policies. Through sports activities and international events, states foster cultural rapprochement, manage their international image, and enhance economic cooperation. Positioned at the intersection of traditional diplomacy and public diplomacy, sports diplomacy represents a strategic approach that strength

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was an event held between 31 May and 30 June 2002, jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan.【1】 The tournament retains its unique position in FIFA World Cup history as the first to be held on Asian soil and jointly hosted by two different countries. A total of 64 matches were played among 32 national teams, with 161 goals scored and an average of 2.51 goals per match.【2】 The tournament was conducted in stadiums separately designated in Japan and South Korea. Turkey’s group