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The 2025 Bolivian general elections were held on 17 August 2025 to elect the president and the legislative body. The electoral process, culminating in a second round on 19 October 2025, marked the end of approximately twenty years of rule by the Movement for Socialism party (Movimiento al Socialismo – MAS), which has governed the country since 2006.Election System and Overall ParticipationTo be elected president in the first round, a candidate must secure more than 50 percent of the vote or at l

Political Ideologies is an academic book written by Andrew Heywood and first published in 1992. The book provides a comprehensive introduction to the historical development, core concepts, and contemporary influence of political ideologies. Having reached multiple editions, it is widely used as a foundational text in university-level courses on political science and ideology. Heywood aims to make the complex structure of ideologies accessible to both beginners and advanced students through clear

Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm is a British historian who focused on the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism and of nationalism. Among his most important works are the four-volume series he termed the “Long 19th Century” (The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848, The Age of Capital: 1848–1875, The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 and The Age of Extremes). Throughout his life a Marxist, Hobsbawm’s sociopolitical beliefs shaped the character of his writings.LifeHobsbawm was born in 1917 in Alexandria, Egyp

Behice Boran, an academic and politician who played a significant role in the institutionalization of socialist thought in Türkiye, was the first woman to serve as general chair of the Workers’ Party of Türkiye. Boran gained recognition for her academic work in sociology and contributed to the development of leftist thought in the post–World War II period. Due to her political activism, she was removed from academia and subsequently became actively involved in politics. As a member of parliament

The Garip Movement is a literary movement that marked a pivotal turning point in 20th-century Turkish poetry and shaped the direction of modern Turkish poetry by representing Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rifat Horozcu and Melih Cevdet Anday. The movement was formally introduced to the literary world in 1941 with the publication of the collective poetry anthology titled Garip, which gave the movement its name. The Garip Movement came to an end with the death of Orhan Veli on 14 November 1950 and the c