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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is an analytical method based on the absorption of light at specific wavelengths by gaseous atoms. Atoms absorb energy when transitioning from lower energy (ground) states to higher (excited) energy states. The amount of absorption measured during this transition is proportional to the number of atoms in the ground state, allowing the concentration of the element in the sample to be determined. AAS offers exceptional sensitivity, particularly for the determin

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a combined analytical system in which gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) operate sequentially to separate identify and quantify volatile and semi-volatile compounds. This technology enables the detection of components in a mixture at parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) levels. GC-MS stands out in analytical chemistry due to its high selectivity (90–95% mass spectrum matching accuracy), sensitivity (detection limits in

A capacitive touch sensor is an electronic sensor that detects only finger contact or proximity without requiring physical pressure. These sensors are widely used, ranging from modern smartphone screens to household appliances. Replacing mechanical buttons, these sensors offer advantages such as design integrity, long lifespan, and high sensitivity.Working PrincipleCapacitive sensors have a fundamental capacitance value between a conductive surface (sensor pad) and circuit ground. This creates a

A micrometer is an instrument used to measure very small lengths or thicknesses with high precision. It typically measures with a precision of one-thousandth of a millimeter (0.001 mm), making it suitable for measuring thin parts of materials such as metal, wood, or plastic.Structure of a MicrometerA micrometer generally consists of two jaws; one fixed and one movable. The movable jaw opens and closes with high precision using metric or smaller units, enabling accurate measurements. The device h