
Shadow banking refers to the entire set of financial entities and transactions that operate outside or only partially subject to regulatory oversight, yet perform the function of credit intermediation. This system operates in interaction with the liquidity creation, lending, and payment mechanisms of traditional deposit banking, but it does not adhere to fundamental regulatory rules such as reserve requirements, capital adequacy, or deposit insurance. Although it participates in the credit creat
EN
Merve Durumlu

Securitization is a theoretical concept in security studies that explains how issues become framed and accepted as matters of security rather than ordinary politics. Developed primarily by scholars associated with the Copenhagen School, securitization argues that security is not an objective condition inherent in a particular threat but an intersubjective process through which political actors construct certain developments as existential threats requiring exceptional measures.【1】 Instead of ask
ENZeyneb Kurun

Theories of Security Studies, constitute an interdisciplinary body of research that examines the phenomenon of security in its conceptual, theoretical, and practical dimensions as one of the fundamental subfields of international relations. This field draws on methods and concepts from various social sciences—including political science, sociology, economics, law, and psychology—to analyze the nature, sources, and scope of security. Although numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to
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Ömer Said Aydın