
Shadow banking refers to the entire set of financial entities and transactions that operate outside or only partially subject to regulatory oversight, yet perform the function of credit intermediation. This system operates in interaction with the liquidity creation, lending, and payment mechanisms of traditional deposit banking, but it does not adhere to fundamental regulatory rules such as reserve requirements, capital adequacy, or deposit insurance. Although it participates in the credit creat
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Merve Durumlu

Theories of Security Studies, constitute an interdisciplinary body of research that examines the phenomenon of security in its conceptual, theoretical, and practical dimensions as one of the fundamental subfields of international relations. This field draws on methods and concepts from various social sciences—including political science, sociology, economics, law, and psychology—to analyze the nature, sources, and scope of security.Although numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to
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Ömer Said Aydın