
The Lane Keeping System (English: Lane Departure Warning System – LDWS / Lane Keeping Assist System – LKAS) is an advanced driver assistance technology that detects unintentional lane departures during vehicle operation and alerts the driver through visual, auditory, or tactile signals. In some systems, it also intervenes to correct the vehicle’s path. Purpose and Scope The primary goal of the Lane Keeping System is to help prevent traffic accidents caused by lane departures. It is classified am
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The DS 3 is a compact SUV in the B-SUV segment produced by the French premium manufacturer DS Automobiles. First introduced in 2010 as a hatchback, the DS 3 transitioned into the SUV segment in 2018 with the Crossback body style. In 2022, it underwent a facelift, receiving updates to its exterior design and equipment. The model is offered with internal combustion engines, mild-hybrid (MHEV), and fully electric (E-TENSE) versions. Design and Structural Features The DS 3 is built on the PSA/Stella
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Ömer Faruk Günay

The Audi A5 Series is a mid-size automobile family positioned in the D segment by the German manufacturer Audi. The first generation was introduced in 2007, followed by the second generation (code F5) in 2016, which received a facelift in 2019. The third generation, coded B10 and unveiled in 2024, is characterized by a modern design language, advanced digital technologies, and electrified powertrain options. The new A5 is offered in Sedan, Avant (station wagon), and performance-oriented S5 Sedan
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The Chery Omoda 5 Series is one of the brand’s models in the compact crossover segment. In 2023, it underwent a facelift with updates to its design elements, safety systems, and technological equipment. While the Omoda 5 has not yet been introduced to the European market, as of 2025 it is available in Türkiye with a single model, the Omoda 5 Pro, offered in two different trim levels. Design and Structural Features The Omoda 5 features an aerodynamic body design, a sharply contoured front grille,
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Citroën C3 is a compact hatchback model positioned by the French automaker Citroën in the B segment. First introduced in 2002 the C3 is now in its fourth generation (CC21) featuring modern design hybrid engine options and a fully electric ë-C3 variant. The new generation launched in 2023 has been developed under Citroën’s ‘Citroën Advanced Comfort’ approach and is available across the European market. Design and Structural Features The new C3 is built on the CMP (Common Modular Platform) archite
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Citroën C4 X is a model developed by the French automaker Citroën and positioned in the compact sedan segment. Introduced in 2022, the C4 X is built on the CMP platform and shares many technical features with the C4 hatchback. The model is produced in gasoline, diesel, and fully electric (ë-C4 X) variants. Design and Structural Features The Citroën C4 X features a fastback-style sedan design and stands out with its elevated ride height inspired by SUVs. The vehicle’s aerodynamic structure optimi
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Peugeot 3008 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the French automaker Peugeot. The third generation (P64) was introduced in 2023 and is available with hybrid and fully electric (E-3008) powertrain options. The model is built on Stellantis’ EMP2 V3 platform and is offered in a five-seat configuration. Design and Structural Features The Peugeot 3008 is designed for aerodynamic efficiency with a drag coefficient of 0.28 Cd. The EMP2 platform provides a structure that enhances body rigidity whil
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Ömer Faruk Günay

Peugeot Rifter is a compact MPV and light commercial vehicle model developed by the French automaker Peugeot and introduced in 2018. Currently sold under the code name K9, the Rifter is also produced in a fully electric version (e-Rifter). Built on the EMP2 platform, this vehicle is offered in Europe with both internal combustion and electric powertrains and is favored by large families and commercial users. Design and Structural Features The Peugeot Rifter is constructed on Stellantis’s EMP2 pl
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Peugeot Partner Van is a compact light commercial vehicle model developed by the French automobile manufacturer Peugeot. First introduced in 1996, the Partner was renewed with its fourth generation (K9) in 2018. The new generation Partner is produced with diesel and electric motor options, various driving assistance systems, and different loading capacities. Design and Structural Features The Peugeot Partner Van is built on the EMP2 platform. Peugeot’s design language is defined by LED daytime r
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Ömer Faruk Günay

Citroën C3 Aircross is a compact crossover model from French automaker Citroën, positioned in the B-SUV segment. First introduced in 2017, the C3 Aircross is now in its second generation (CC21) and is produced with internal combustion, hybrid, and fully electric powertrain options. The new generation is built on Citroën’s CMP platform, featuring a structure that supports multiple energy sources. Design and Structural Features The design of the C3 Aircross has been developed around Citroën’s ‘Adv
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Ömer Faruk Günay