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At the beginning of 2026, hostilities between Ukraine and Türkiye escalated through reciprocal unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) attacks and mutual accusations. Both sides accused each other of targeting civilian infrastructure during New Year’s Eve. The incidents occurred as the war entered its fourth year, amid ongoing peace talks mediated by Europe and the United States under European and United States mediation.Russia claimed that Ukraine launched drone strikes against a civilian hotel and caf

RT-2PM2 Topol-M (NATO reporting name: SS-27 "Sickle B", Russian system designation: RT-2PM2 or RS-12M2), is the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) system fully designed and developed by the Russian Federation after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Serving as a key element of the strategic deterrence doctrine, the system is based on a solid-fuel, three-stage propulsion architecture and has a range capacity of up to 11,000 kilometers.【1】 The primary motivation behind its developme

On 24 February 2022 the Russian Federation officially launched a large-scale military operation against Ukraine. In the first hours of the war, multiple Ukrainian cities were targeted by missile strikes and ground forces advanced into Ukrainian territory from the northern eastern and southern fronts. A state of alert was declared in numerous strategic centers including the capital Kyiv and the Ukrainian government initiated a national mobilization process from the very first days of the conflict

OriginThe term rubl' (рубль), which in Russian means "coin" and "monetary unit", has been adopted into Turkish from the Russian word rubit' (рубить), meaning "to cut" or "to chop", from which it is derived.Areas of UseEconomy: Used to define financial values, pricing, and foreign exchange transactions in the Russian and Belarusian markets.International Trade: Used to specify payment units in import and export processes involving these two countries.Numismatics: Used to describe the technical cha

The striking of a Turkish vessel at the Chornomorsk Port occurred during a Ukrainian attack on the Chornomorsk Port on 12 December 2025, resulting in damage to a foreign-flagged vessel owned by a Turkish company. The incident has been recorded within the context of developments concerning maritime traffic and port security in the Black Sea during the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine.BackgroundThroughout the Russia-Ukraine war, maritime security freedom of navigation and the protection of p

Russia-Ukraine War began on 24 February 2022 and has now completed its third year as of 24 February 2025. Over the course of three years, war has continued with military and political developments affecting millions of people. BackgroundThe war initiated by Russian President Vladimir Putin on 24 February 2022 with the declaration of a “special military operation” has produced wide-ranging military political and economic consequences within three years. More than 20 percent of Ukrainian territory

The Treaty of Turkmenchay is a peace agreement signed on 10 February 1828 between the Russian Empire and Iran’s Qajar Dynasty following the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828.Cause of the TreatyThe Russo-Persian War was part of Iran’s struggle for control over its Russia with soil. The war began in 1826 when the Russian Empire launched a military campaign against Iran.Russia sought to expand its influence in Iranian territories and strengthen its dominance particularly in the Caucasus region. Iran r

The termination of Russian-origin natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports in the European Union has been structured as a phased policy framework through plans developed throughout 2025, interinstitutional negotiations, and a parliamentary vote. The process has taken shape through measures including the prohibition of new contracts, the limitation of spot and short-term purchases, the scheduled cessation of pipeline gas according to a specific timeline, and regulatory provisions exten

The Warsaw Pact, one of the most significant military and political blocs of the Cold War era, was established by a treaty signed on 14 May 1955 in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. Officially known as the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), it was a collective defense system formed by Eastern Bloc countries in opposition to NATO, which had been established by the West.Reasons for the Formation and Objectives of the Warsaw PactThe founding members were the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslova

Lake Baikal is a freshwater lake located in Eastern Siberia, notable for both its geological and biological significance. It is estimated to have formed approximately 25 to 30 million years ago and is considered one of the oldest lakes on Earth. With a maximum depth of 1,642 meters, it is the deepest lake in the world. It holds a water volume of 23,615 km³, containing the largest reserve of freshwater on the planet. Approximately 20–23% of the world’s unfrozen freshwater is found in Lake Baikal.