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The apple is one of the most economically and culturally significant fruit species globally, classified in botany as Malus domestica and belonging to the genus Rosaceae (Rosaceae). Apple cultivation has developed in parallel with human history, with evidence of its presence in Central European and Asian societies since the Neolithic period (8000–5500 BCE). This deciduous plant, characterized by a broad crown and small tree form, has achieved a wide geographic distribution across nearly every reg