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Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak (4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as President of Egypt from 14 October 1981 until 11 February 2011 Egypt. His career, which progressed from Commander of the Air Force to head of state, encompassed a period of three decades during which he governed the country under an authoritarian regime.BBC Türkçe, “Hüsnü Mübarek kimdir? Mısır’ı nasıl yönetti?”, BBC News Türkçe, 25 Şubat 2020.">【1】Early Life and Military

Eric J. Hobsbawm’s Revolution The Age of Revolution 1789–1848 analyzes a period in which the foundations of the modern world were laid. Hobsbawm, who refers to the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution as the “twin revolutions,” provides a comprehensive account of how the political, economic and social transformations of this era shaped the course of history. With a focus centered on Work and Europe, he presents to readers the international impact of these revolutions and the transform

"Revolution Arabası" is Türkiye's first domestic automobile production initiative and holds a significant place in the country's industrial history. In the early 1960s, as part of Türkiye's efforts toward industrialization, the idea of domestic automobile production gained prominence and sparked widespread social and political echo. The Devrim Arabası was not merely an automobile manufacturing attempt but also a symbolic project linked to Türkiye's goal of economic independence. Despite facing p

Vladimir Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, Complete) was born on 22 April 1870 in the city of Simbirsk, within the Russian Empire. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was an educational inspector. His mother, Maria Aleksandrovna, came from a cultured and noble family. Lenin’s early life was shaken by the execution of his brother Aleksandr in 1887 for his involvement in a plot to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. This event laid the groundwork for his engagement with radical ideas.While study