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The African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is the only penguin species that breeds exclusively on the African continent and is tightly dependent on the nutrient-rich waters of the Benguela and Agulhas currents. The number of breeding pairs, estimated to have exceeded one million at the beginning of the 20th century, has declined to fewer than 10,000 pairs as of 2024 due to successive egg harvesting, guano extraction, oil pollution, and especially the decline of small pelagic fish stocks; this sha

Ferns are a group of perennial herbaceous plants encompassing species such as Pteridium aquilinum with wide distribution. These plants are non-flowering and reproduce via spores. Worldwide, there are approximately 170 genera and around 9,000 fern species. While most species thrive in tropical regions, in Türkiye they are particularly common along the Black Sea coast and in the areas around Bolu and Kastamonu. In our country, the term “eğrelti otu” most often refers to the species Pteridium aquil