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Atatürk (1881–1938)He is the founder and first president of the Republic of Türkiye. The great leader, whose real name was Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was born in the city of Selanik in 1881. From a very young age, he was an eager, diligent, and courageous child. He attended military school, where he was given the name "Kemal" because his mathematics teacher recognized his exceptional intelligence and bestowed this name upon him. Atatürk accomplished great deeds not only in war but also in peace. Aft

William Howard Taft was born on September 15, 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father, Alphonso Taft, was one of the prominent legal figures of his time and served as Secretary of War and Attorney General during President Ulysses S. Grants administration. He also held diplomatic posts for the United States in Austria-Hungary and Russia. Taft grew up in an environment shaped by his family’s high expectations. He graduated second in his class from Yale University in 1878 and subsequently pursued lega

Development Councils were temporary supervisory councils established in 1845 as part of the Tanzimat (1839-1876) reforms to examine administrative, economic, and public works issues in the provinces and report them to the central government. These councils were created as part of the Ottoman Empire’s effort to modernize provincial administration, overseeing infrastructure projects, reorganizing the tax system, and identifying deficiencies in education and trade. Each council consisted of four me