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Yes, the title may seem provocative or even strange at first glance. But this statement is a summary of a European reflex that stretches not only to the late periods of the Ottoman Empire but all the way back to its early conquest years. The Ottoman Empire, while still just one of the beyliks in Anatolia, generated profound anxiety in Europe’s political and religious structure as soon as it crossed into the Balkans. This anxiety led over subsequent centuries to a series of crusade-like military