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The discipline of international relations has developed since the early twentieth century as a field enabling the understanding of global politics, continuously evolving in both its academic and practical dimensions evolution. During this process, the fundamental theoretical cleavages and methodological approaches within discipline have over time crystallized into four major debates that have defined the framework of international relations theory.These debates have offered different perspective

Niccolò Machiavelli’s work The Prince is one of the foundational texts in the history of political philosophy. In this work, the question of how a ruler should govern the state is addressed with a pragmatic and realistic approach. First published in the 16th century, The Prince is recognized as one of the influential texts in the formation of modern political theory. The Turkish translation of the work was published by Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.General Information About the BookThe Pri

Reşat Nuri Güntekin’s 1930 novel Yaprak Dökümü is one of the most striking works in Turkish literature, addressing the clash between social modernization, individual aspirations and traditional values. Roman reveals the impact of the modernization process in Republican-era Türkiye on individuals and family institutions, while portraying moral decay and material decline within a tightly woven narrative structure.In terms of narrative technique, Reşat Nuri Güntekin employs a realist style to depic

Stendhal’s novel Red and Black is a critique of the social and political structure of the French Restoration period. The protagonist, Julien Sorel, is a young man driven by ambition and ideals who engages in a struggle across social classes. Stendhal, which draws on many elements from the author’s own life, examines not only the individual’s inner world but also the social hierarchy and hypocrisy of the era.Themes of the NovelNovel derives its title from two fundamental symbols: “red” represents

Stendhal, whose real name is Henri Beyle, was born on 23 January 1783 in Grenoble, France, and died on 23 March 1842 in Paris. He carved out a unique place in the literary world through novels that combine romantic and realist elements. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of realism alongside Balzac, and in his novels he explored the inner world of the individual and their conflicts with society.Youth and EducationStendhal was deeply influenced by the French Revolution during his childhood and

Theories of Security Studies, constitute an interdisciplinary body of research that examines the phenomenon of security in its conceptual, theoretical, and practical dimensions as one of the fundamental subfields of international relations. This field draws on methods and concepts from various social sciences—including political science, sociology, economics, law, and psychology—to analyze the nature, sources, and scope of security.Although numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to

Glory and Woe of an Artist (İhtişam ve Mutsuzluk), one of the short novels by the French author Honoré de Balzac, is a work evaluated within Balzac's extensive literary project, The Human Comedy. This work examines the conflict between individual desires and social realities through the concept of art. The work critically analyzes the artist's place in society, mobility between social classes, and the influence of bourgeois values.SubjectThe novel is structured around the life of a young painter

Fotorealism is the art of creating paintings that appear as realistic as photographs. Artists strive to depict objects from real life with extreme precision, carefully using light, color, and detail.Realistic Representation in ArtFotorealism emerged as a continuation of other realist art movements such as Classicism and Orientalism. Its aim is to accurately reflect what the human eye perceives.Techniques and MethodsFotorealist artists use photographs as references when painting and meticulously

Realism Theory is a paradigm that explains international relations in terms of states’ struggle for power and argues that in an anarchic international system, every state prioritizes its own security and interests. According to this approach, conflict on the international stage is inevitable and states act as rational actors driven by the goal of survival. Realism, one of the major paradigms of International Relations, stands out due to the depth of its historical origins, theoretical consistenc

Jean-François Millet completed his painting The Gleaners in 1857, nine years after the Revolution of 1848. Influenced by the Realism movement, this work draws attention for its reflection of the social structure, class distinctions, and labor relations in France at the time. It is currently on display at the Musée d’Orsay in Paris.The painting features three women in the foreground. Their large scale and central placement in the composition indicate their symbolic significance. These figures may