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Rare earth elements have become indispensable inputs for critical sectors such as electric vehicles, semiconductors and defense technologies, positioning themselves at the center of global power competition. Control over the extraction, supply and processing of these strategic elements provides countries with both economic and geopolitical advantages. In this context, Çin has transformed into a global superpower in rare earth elements, thanks not only to its rich reserves but also to the policie

Rare earth elements (REEs) purification is the process of separating the 15 lanthanide elements along with scandium and yttrium, which are commonly found together in nature and exhibit extremely similar chemical properties, into high-purity individual products suitable for high-technology applications. Although these elements occur in the Earth’s crust in abundance comparable to metals such as copper or lead, they are termed “rare” due to the difficulty of obtaining them in pure form. Scientific

The 160-Year American Quest for Greenland Greenland may have recently returned to the center of global politics due to Donald Trump’s aggressive overtures, but as early as 160 years ago, debates in the United States Congress echoed the belief that Greenland needed to be acquired. Among the most ardent advocates of this idea was William H. Seward, then Secretary of State and one of the architects of American expansionism. According to a report prepared by Seward in 1868, Greenland stood out as a

The Importance of Rare Earth Elements in a Global Context Rare Earth Elements (REE) are a group of 17 elements that, contrary to their name, are relatively abundant on Earth. In fact, their scarcity is not due to low abundance but to the difficulty of finding them in concentrations that are commercially viable for extraction. Moreover, separating these elements from one another—refining them—is a technologically demanding and expensive process. These elements are regarded as the “technological v

Ukraine–United States Minerals Resources Agreement (2025) is an international agreement signed in Washington on 30 April 2025 between Ukraine and the United States of America (USA), containing comprehensive provisions on the joint exploitation of natural resources, post-war reconstruction financing, and economic cooperation. The agreement provides for the establishment of an investment fund financed by revenues from new mining projects, to be used exclusively for Ukraine’s post-war reconstructio