
Journalism is the process of collecting events, developments, and facts and presenting them to the public to ensure society has access to accurate, impartial, timely, and meaningful information. This process includes gathering, verifying, writing, presenting, and distributing news. Journalism is a professional activity conducted through print, visual, and digital media. It is considered the fourth estate in democratic societies and serves as a fundamental guarantee of the public’s right to infor
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Hümeyra Yılmaz

Press Card is an identification card issued by public authorities to individuals engaged in journalism, officially documenting their professional identity and status as members of the press. This card grants journalists the right to gather news, perform duties in public spaces, and benefit from facilitated access to certain public services. The press card functions primarily as a tool that verifies a journalist’s identity before official institutions and confers legal status on their professiona
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Hümeyra Yılmaz

Journalism is the process of gathering, verifying, and presenting events, developments, and facts to the public in a timely, accurate, and meaningful manner to ensure society’s access to reliable information. This process encompasses the collection, verification, writing, presentation, and distribution of news. Journalism is a professional activity conducted through written, visual, and digital media media. In democratic societies, journalism is regarded as the fourth power and serves as the fun
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Hümeyra Yılmaz

The press, in its broadest sense, refers to communication activities that fulfill the function of delivering news, information, opinions, and commentary to the public, as well as the mediums through which these activities are carried out. Initially, the term encompassed only printed publications, but over time it has come to represent a broader meaning, including visual and digital platforms. The press is regarded as a tool for ensuring both individuals' and societies' right to access informatio
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Esra Can

Press, in its broadest sense, refers to communication activities and the means through which news, information, ideas, and commentary are conveyed to the public. Initially, the term encompassed only printed publications, but over time it has expanded to include visual and digital media. Press is recognized as an instrument for both individuals and societies to access information. In this context, it not only transmits news but also fulfills functions such as shaping public opinion, ensuring soci
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Esra Can

Journalism is the process of collecting events, developments, and facts and presenting them to the public in order to ensure that society has access to accurate, impartial, timely, and meaningful information. This process includes the gathering, verification, writing, presentation, and distribution of news. Journalism is a professional activity conducted through print, visual, and digital media. It is considered the fourth estate in democratic societies and serves as a fundamental guarantee of t
EN
Hümeyra Yılmaz

The filter bubble is a phenomenon that arises when internet and digital media platforms analyze users’ online behaviors (views, clicks, likes, etc.) and personal preferences to display only content aligned with their views, interests, and past choices. This concept was first detailed in 2011 by Eli Pariser in his book The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. The filter bubble limits users’ exposure to diverse perspectives and opposing viewpoints by confining them to content tailo
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Wealth Tax is a one-time tax introduced on 11 November 1942 in Türkiye during the economic crisis triggered by the Second World War, designed to collect revenue from wealth and extraordinary profits. The tax came into effect during the government led by Şükrü Saraçoğlu. Its primary objectives were to close the budget deficit created by the war economy, control inflation, and curb black market activities and profiteering.【1】 Historical Background Although Türkiye did not officially participate in
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Esma Biçer

Halit Mecit Kıvanç (18 February 1925 – 25 October 2022) was a Turkish journalist writer radio and television presenter. Recognized as one of the pioneers of modern radio and television broadcasting in Türkiye Kıvanç spent decades working in both the press and sports broadcasting fields and played a significant role in hosting news entertainment and sports programs during the period when television and radio became widespread. Halit Kıvanç Infographic (Anadolu Agency) " image-alternate="" image-e
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Yusuf Bilal Akkaya

The filter bubble is a phenomenon that arises when internet platforms and digital media analyze users’ online behaviors—such as views, clicks, and likes—and personal preferences to present only content aligned with their existing views, interests, and past choices. This concept was first detailed in 2011 by Eli Pariser in his book The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. The filter bubble restricts users’ exposure to diverse perspectives and opposing viewpoints by limiting their
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