
Charles Baudelaire is regarded as one of the most influential poets of 19th century French literature. Modern Baudelaire, considered one of the founders of modern poetry, is best known for his work Les Fleurs du Mal (The Flowers of Evil). Industry Following the Revolution, city his life, his approach to modernity, social change, and the inner world of the individual, through distinctive aesthetic perspectives, positions him as one of the first theorists of modernism original. Youth and Education
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Meryem Şentürk Çoban

Leyla Erbil’s 2011 novel Kalan is a postmodern narrative that interrogates existential dilemmas of the individual collective memory and female identity. The novel takes shape through the protagonist Lahzen’s search for selfhood and offers a multilayered critique of social and political reality. Subject and Theme Kalan centers on Lahzen a female writer living in Istanbul’s Fener neighborhood as she confronts her past and society. The narrative progresses from childhood memories to a quest for tru
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Meryem Şentürk Çoban
CoConsumer Society is a concept that describes a social structure in which consumption activities, rather than production, occupy the center of social organization and individual identity. This structure refers to a system in which individuals embrace consumption not merely as a means to satisfy basic needs, but as a lifestyle, a status symbol, and a search for meaning. Consumer society is characterized not only by the abundance of goods and services, but also by the system of symbolic meanings, s
ENYunus Emre Yüce

In 1996, a physics professor pulled a prank on the academic world whose echoes still resonate today. Moreover, this was not a joke told in a conference hall or a witty remark among colleagues. It was a serious-looking academic article, filled with footnotes, adorned with elaborate titles, and published in a respected journal. Even the title alone was eye-catching: “Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity.” The author was physicist Alan Sokal from Ne
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Ayşe Aslıhan Yoran

Modern Myths, despite the Enlightenment’s rationalist worldview and the dominance of the positivist paradigm, refer to the new forms and secular sacralities that mythic thought has assumed in contemporary society.【1】 Traditionally defined, myth encompasses sacred narratives such as folk tales and creation stories, but at its core it is a philosophy and mode of thought belonging to every era of human existence. The fundamental function of myths is to impose order on complex experiences, knowledge
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Büşra Tuğa

Universal history is a concept that brings together the stories of people from all over the world. Its aim is to understand past events and connect them to one another. However, historians sometimes differ in their views on this subject. Universal history is an idea developed by philosophers and thinkers in the past but has been criticized over time. The Origins of Universal History: Big Questions Universal history seeks to answer the question: “How are the histories of all people connected thro
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Mehmet Salih Çoban
NoJustice Ağaoğlu’s novel Hayır continues the exploration of the individual’s memory identity and social building position, forming the third installment of the author’s tetralogy Dar Zamanlar. While Ölmeye Yatmak and Bir Düğün Gecesi examined the moral dimensions of memory in the face of individual and collective forgetting, Hayır also addresses the impact of this remembering process on the individual’s mental health. The novel centers on the character Aysel, familiar from previous novels, place.
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Meryem Şentürk Çoban

Is it possible to be the poet of a story? Historiography is often presented as a structured answer to the question “what happened?” Documents are found, events are ordered, individuals and dates are placed in their proper context. This framework is not entirely wrong; but it is incomplete. For history is not merely a conduit for information. We cannot access the past directly; the past reaches us mostly through texts, records, labels, and other mediating tools. Therefore, in historiography, lang
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Mehmet Salih Çoban

Universal history is a concept that brings together the stories of people from all over the world. Its aim is to understand past events and connect them to one another. However, historians sometimes differ in their views on this subject. Universal history is an idea developed by philosophers and thinkers in the past but has been critiqued over time. The Origins of Universal History: Big Questions Universal history seeks to answer the question: How are the histories of all people connected throug
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Mehmet Salih Çoban
GrGrand Narrative refers to theoretical frameworks that aim to explain history and social processes from a universal and comprehensive perspective. These narratives are grounded in ideological or theoretical foundations and strive to interpret the past in a singular direction. They often carry the belief that human history evolves toward a specific goal and offer large-scale explanations. Enlightenment thought, Marxist historiography, modernism, and nation-state historiography are considered examp
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Mehmet Salih Çoban