
Oral Sander is an academic who has made significant contributions to the fields of international relations and political science in Türkiye. Sander, recognized as one of the pioneers of international relations theory in Türkiye, has left a lasting mark in his field through both his academic activities and his publications. Oral Sander’s book Political History: From Ancient Times to 1918 is a comprehensive work examining the political development of humanity. The book traces the transformation of
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Ahsen Karakaş

Sander’s work Political History: 1918–1994 offers a comprehensive analysis of international relations and political events during the most turbulent decades of the 20th century. The book examines global political developments from the end of the First World War to the early 1990s, when Cold War concluded. In his analysis, Sander examines the dynamics behind political events through an academic lens, focusing on the transformation of the international system and the strategic maneuvers of the gre
EN
Ahsen Karakaş

Oral Sander is an academic who has made significant contributions to the fields of international relations and political science in Türkiye. Recognized as one of the pioneers of international relations theory in Türkiye, Sander has left a lasting mark on his discipline through both his academic activities and his publications. He spent long years as a scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences of Ankara University, and is known for his works that deepened the discipline from both theoretical a
EN
Ahsen Karakaş

Oral Sander is an academic who has made significant contributions in the fields of international relations and political science in Türkiye. Sander is recognized as one of the pioneers of modern international relations theory in Türkiye and has left a lasting mark in his field through both his teaching activities and his scholarly works. His book Political History: From Ancient Times to 1918 is a comprehensive study of the political development of humanity. The book examines the transformation o
EN
Ahsen Karakaş

First Intifada, which began on 8 December 1987 after an Israeli truck driver drove his vehicle into a car carrying Palestinian workers near the Beit Hanun (Erez) checkpoint in northern Gaza Strip, resulting in the deaths of four Palestinian workers, was a widespread popular uprising that quickly spread from Gaza to the West Bank and East Jerusalem. This process, which started in the final days of 1987, constituted a prolonged uprising characterized by mass participation in civil resistance, demo
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Nurten Yalçın
OtOttoman coffeehouses, from the mid-16th century onward, became important public spaces in Ottoman social life. With the introduction of coffee from Yemen to Istanbul, these institutions quickly evolved beyond mere venues for beverage consumption to become centers of socialization, communication, entertainment, and even political debate. Emergence and Spread Coffee is believed to have first arrived in Istanbul in the early 16th century following Yavuz Sultan Selim’s campaign in Egypt. According t
ENYunus Emre Yüce

Sadabad Pact, signed on 7 July 1937 at the Sadabad Palace in Tehran, the capital of Iran, is a regional agreement on friendship, security and non-aggression between Türkiye, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan.【1】 In nature, it is not a military defense alliance or a common military bloc but a political treaty in which the parties commit to mutually safeguarding border security, refraining from interference in each other’s internal affairs, consulting on matters of common interest and pledging non-aggres
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Mustafa Cem İnci

27 April E-Memorandum is a press statement issued on the official website of the Turkish General Staff at around 23:30 on the night of 27 April 2007, and it carried the character of a military intervention directed at Türkiye’s 11th presidential election process.【1】 This text, historically referred to as the “first e-memorandum,” differs from previous military interventions by being publicly announced directly through a digital platform. The statement emphasized the principle of secularism and h
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Kerem Akıl

James Monroe served as the fifth president of the United States (1817–1825). He is recognized as the last president to have served in the American Revolution and left a lasting impact on U.S. foreign policy through the Monroe Doctrine. His presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, a period of political harmony and national expansion. Early Life and Education James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His father was Spence Monroe and his mother was Elizab
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Ahsen Karakaş

Holodomor, is the great famine disaster that occurred in Ukraine under the administration of the Soviet Union between 1932 and 1933. This term, which means “death by hunger” in Ukrainian, refers to a period during which a significant portion of the country’s population died from starvation, disease, and forced collectivization policies. The term Holodomor became established in diaspora literature from the 1960s and in official and academic literature in Ukraine after 1991. Holodomor was not mere
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Yusuf Bilal Akkaya