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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic information determining the structure and characteristics of living organisms. It is found in the nucleus of our cells and functions like a “manual” that dictates how our body operates. The Discovery of DNA The double helix structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. This discovery marked a pivotal turning point in the development of genetics. The Structure of the DNA Molecule DNA consists of two

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a high-molecular-weight biopolymer composed of ribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U)—attached to a ribose sugar. RNA plays a central role in gene expression and cellular regulation, functioning as messenger, structural, regulatory molecules, and in some viruses as the genetic material in place of DNA. All RNA molecules arise as transcripts of DNA sequences; howeve