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Pupil (Pupilla) is a natural opening located at the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. In normal adult individuals, pupil diameter typically ranges between 3.9 and 4.2 mm but exhibits a dynamic structure influenced by age, ambient lighting conditions, and the eye’s focusing state (accommodation). Neurophysiological Mechanism and Light Reflex The pupillary light reflex is a response of retinal photoreceptors and melanopsin-containing ganglion cells to light st