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Elizabeth Fishman Loftus (b. October 16, 1944, Los Angeles, California) is an American psychologist best known for her research on the reliability of eyewitness testimony and the manipulation of memory. Loftus’s work has revealed how easily individual memories can be distorted and reshaped by external influences. Conducted through rigorous scientific methods, her studies have had a significant impact on both the criminal justice system and psychotherapy practices. Early Life and Education Elizab

False memory is a type of memory error in which individuals recall events that never occurred or experience distortions in the details or context of actual events. In cognitive psychology literature, this term encompasses a broad range of episodic memory distortions, from alterations in the content of an event (e.g., remembering a gun instead of a knife) or its context (e.g., believing one saw something that was merely imagined) to the creation of entirely new and autobiographical events (e.g.,