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The 1959 Kirkuk Massacre occurred as a result of political, ethnic, and ideological tensions that escalated into violence in Kirkuk following the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republican regime in Iraq on 14 July 1958. Between 14 and 16 July 1959, during the first anniversary celebrations of the coup, Turkmen civilians were killed, numerous individuals were injured, arrested, or displaced; Turkmen homes, businesses, and cultural spaces were looted and destroyed. Key factor